CI/CD Part 1: Gitlab Pipelines and Package Registries

Last updated on Sep 8, 2026 12 min read Software Engineering

I recently developed a template workflow to help our team adopt a CI/CD-based development strategy. Many of our web applications and tools were based on simple repository structures. With growing datasets and ever-increasing use by outside teams, we found ourselves needing to add new features more frequently to many of these tools and believed that continuous integration and deployment could help us not just develop more quickly, but also more intelligently. Since we use Gitlab to store our code, we decided to use the Gitlab CI/CD tools.

Documentation on much of this process was scattered and/or sparse, so I decided to put what I learned and implemented into a more coherent set of notes. This post covers the anatomy of a .gitlab-ci.yml file, how jobs and stages fit together, how to make a job conditional, and how to authenticate against a package registry so a pipeline can build a Python package and push it there.

The second post covers the other half: writing a multi-stage Dockerfile to build an image from that package, and pushing the image to a container registry.

Setup

I did all of my testing using my personal Gitlab account. To separate things out, I created a new Project called “Package Registry”, as well as a test repository that was used for building a local Python project called “TemplateCI”.

The “Package Registry” Project serves as just that – an all-inclusive location for any software packages your CI/CD pipelines build. You can find the built packages by clicking ${Project Name} > Deploy > Package Registry. Every “Project” in Gitlab has the ability to store packages in its own registry, but I felt it cleaner to store everything in one repo. Similarly, the actual code that I’ll be packaging will be stored in the “TemplateCI” repo.

Authentication: .pypirc and .netrc

In order to build packages and push them to a remote package registry, we use the build and twine packages. build generates a package, and twine pushes this package to a registry (or “index”). twine requires access to authentication usernames, passwords, and a registry URL in order to do so. twine can access these tokens from a .pypirc file – the tokens are generated by the registry, and ensure that the submitting user has permissions to perform a certain action.

Other processes, such as pulling or pushing code from a remote repository, often require additional usernames and passwords. In order to alleviate the need to consistently provide these variables at request time, we can save them in a .netrc file.

These are straightforward to set up locally. But we also need to set these up to ensure a properly functional CI/CD workflow. I’ve put together a basic script, called setup_tokens.sh that does just that:

setup_tokens.sh

#!/bin/bash

# generate .pypirc file
echo "[distutils]
index-servers =
    personal

[personal]
repository = https://gitlab.com/api/v4/projects/$PACKAGE_REGISTRY_ID/packages/pypi
username = $CI_DEPLOY_USER
password = $CI_DEPLOY_PASSWORD" > ~/.pypirc

# generate .netrc file
echo "machine gitlab.com
login gitlab-ci-token
password $CI_JOB_TOKEN" > ~/.netrc

The .pypirc refers to your Project Registry via a previously generated authentication token and password, and allows your to build and upload Python packages to that registry.

The .netrc file enables you to pull private packages from that same registry. In the context of our work, we’ll want to build and push packages to the registry first so that they are available for pulling. For example, in the Pipfile for this template project, we have the following:

[[source]]
url = "https://pypi.org/simple"
verify_ssl = true
name = "pypi"

[[source]]
url = "https://${CI_DEPLOY_USER}:${CI_DEPLOY_PASSWORD}@gitlab.com/api/v4/projects/${$PACKAGE_REGISTRY_ID}/packages/pypi/simple"
verify_ssl = true
name = "personal"

We see the same user authentication happening, along with the reference to the Package Registry ID variable. For local installation of your package, and in order to make sure that your Pipfile and Pipfile.lock are in sync, you’ll need to define the following local environment variables:

CI_DEPLOY_USER: generated user token
CI_DEPLOY_PASSWORD: generated token password
PACKAGE_REGISTRY_ID: the ID of the repository that you created that will store your packages

Basic jobs

The basis of a Gitlab CI/CD pipeline is the .gitlab-ci.yml file, which is composed of a set of explicitly-defined and temporally-ordered “stages”. A stage is composed of a set of “jobs”. Jobs are the workhorses of the CI/CD pipeline, and define explicit tasks that a CI/CD pipeline runs. By default, all jobs from one stage run in parallel, unless specified otherwise (using the needs keyword as an attribute of a job induces a temporal directed acyclic graph – jobs can be made “dependent” on the successful completion of other jobs within a stage). In this example, I’ve defined three stages:

run-unit-tests
build-package
build-image

Any job associated with the run-unit-tests stage will run to completion (or failure) PRIOR TO ANY job in the stages build-package and build-image starting. If all jobs in the run-unit-tests stage complete successfully, then the next stage (build-package) will begin. We define individual jobs, and give them a stage attribute. Stages define the rough ordering of jobs. Each job runs in the context of an “image” or environment. We can set a global image and define stages as

# global CI/CD image
image: python:3.9-slim

# stages of this example pipeline
stages:
  - run-unit-tests
  - build-package
  - build-image

 variables:
    LC_ALL: C.UTF-8
    LANG: C.UTF-8

or define the image as an attribute of a job. Gitlab CI/CD by default uses Docker images in which to run jobs. Setting the image is analogous to using the FROM command in a Dockerfile. We’ve also set some global variables, here the LC_ALL and LANG variables.

To “run” Gitlab pipelines for the purpose of CI/CD, we use “runners”, which are build instances installed on a server. Gitlab offers “shared” runners (use of these is free if you use www.gitlab.com, but you need to register a credit card to prevent abuse of Gitlab resources). You can also register your own device(s) to act as a Gitlab runner.

Below are examples of two jobs in the run-unit-tests stage. These two jobs are effectively the same code, apart from the unique unit tests that they run. However, we’ve made the job unit-tests-2 dependent on the output of the job unit-tests-1 (see the needs keyword of unit-tests-2). Both jobs use the global python:3.9-slim image. We can run some “setup” stuff (before_script), run an actual script (script), and run clean up (after_script, not shown) – these delineations (before, during, after) are for organizational purposes, and not due to any explicit functional differences in the delineations.

# setup_tokens.sh is the script from the previous section.


# example job #1
unit-tests-1:
  stage: run-unit-tests
  before_script:
    - chmod +x ./setup_tokens.sh; ./setup_tokens.sh
    - python3 -m pip install pipenv
    - apt-get update
    - apt-get install --yes --no-install-recommends gcc g++ libffi-dev
    - python3 -m pipenv install --deploy --dev
  # run first set of unit tests
  script:
    - python3 -m pipenv run pytest -k 'test_examples1.py'
 

# example job #2
unit-tests-2:
  stage: run-unit-tests
  before_script:
    - chmod +x ./setup_tokens.sh; ./setup_tokens.sh
    - python3 -m pip install pipenv
    - apt-get update
    - apt-get install --yes --no-install-recommends gcc g++ libffi-dev
    - python3 -m pipenv install --deploy --dev
  # run second set of unit tests
  script:
    - python3 -m pipenv run pytest -k 'test_examples2.py'
  # wait for job 1 to finish
  needs: [unit-tests-1]

Conditional pipeline jobs

The above jobs are relatively simple and will run every time you push a repository to Gitlab. However, sometimes, we might only want to run a job if certain conditions are met. For example, we might only want to build a package from the main branch, or only after a merge request is made. To this end, we can add “rules” to a job that restrict when it is actually run.

Below is a more complicated job example. The overarching goal of this job is to build a Docker image from a local Python project and push the image to the Gitlab Container Registry. There’s a lot going on here, so I’ll break it up into pieces, but here is the whole job:

# Conditional job
# Building a docker image and pushing this container to a container registry
# Link to main image: https://github.com/bentolor/docker-dind-awscli

# Conditions:
# --- merge request events
# --- target branch of merge request is "main"

# job name
build-image-glcr:
  
  # stage of pipeline
  stage: build-image
  # image that job is based on
  image: docker:20.10.16
  # sub-services of job
  services:
    - docker:20.10.16-dind
  # variables available to the job
  variables:
    DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: "/certs"
    IMAGE_TAG: $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG
    
  # some setup scripts -- here, just making sure docker is available
  before_script:
    - docker info

  # meat of the job -- authentication, building, run, push
  script:
    - docker login -u $CI_REGISTRY_USER -p $CI_REGISTRY_PASSWORD $CI_REGISTRY
    - docker build 
      --build-arg CI_DEPLOY_USER=$CI_DEPLOY_USER 
      --build-arg CI_DEPLOY_PASSWORD=$CI_DEPLOY_PASSWORD 
      --build-arg CI_JOB_TOKEN=$CI_JOB_TOKEN
      -t $IMAGE_TAG .
    - docker run $IMAGE_TAG
    - docker push $IMAGE_TAG

  # job conditions
  rules:
    - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == 'merge_request_event' && $CI_MERGE_REQUEST_TARGET_BRANCH_NAME == "main"

This job is associated with a new stage called build-image that will run as the last stage of this example CI/CD pipeline. Without going into the specifics of the Dockerfile just yet, this stage builds and pushes a Docker image to a remote repository. We defined the job image as docker:20.10.16 and an additional “service” attribute as docker:20.10.16-dind where “dind” means “Docker-in-Docker”. The Docker-in-Docker feature allows an image to run Docker itself (pretty meta, huh). The idea here is to instantiate a job from a specific Docker container (“image”) which itself has Docker installed (“dind”), which will allow the docker:20.10.16 image to build another Docker container. We’ve also defined some variables:

DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: needed to allow the larger scale image to communicate with a service (honestly, I don’t quite understand this and documentation on CI/CD “services” is sparse)
IMAGE_TAG: refers to the container destination and the image “name” – this just makes our lives easier by turning into a variable what would otherwise be a really long string

#### Build Docker image and push to Gitlab Container Registry
build-image-glcr:
  stage: build-image
  image: docker:20.10.16
  services:
    - docker:20.10.16-dind
  variables:
    DOCKER_TLS_CERTDIR: "/certs"
    IMAGE_TAG: $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:$CI_COMMIT_REF_SLUG

Next up, we have all the script stuff. You’ll probably recognize most of the docker ${command} commands. We first “authenticate” the current job with the Gitlab container registry (apparently there are a variety of ways to “authenticate” with Docker using one set of variables or another – the way below is the way I was able to get working, but there are other solutions). We then build the Docker image, run the image, and push the image to the container registry.

script:
  - docker login -u $CI_REGISTRY_USER -p $CI_REGISTRY_PASSWORD $CI_REGISTRY
  - docker build 
    --build-arg CI_DEPLOY_USER=$CI_DEPLOY_USER 
    --build-arg CI_DEPLOY_PASSWORD=$CI_DEPLOY_PASSWORD 
    --build-arg CI_JOB_TOKEN=$CI_JOB_TOKEN
    -t $IMAGE_TAG .
  - docker run $IMAGE_TAG
  - docker push $IMAGE_TAG

You’ll notice a bunch of variables that I didn’t explicitly define anywhere:

CI_REGISTRY_USER: username for project (I think we can also use CI_DEPLOY_USER, though it looks like there might be some things to figure out with branch / variable protections / non-protections)
CI_REGISTRY_PASSWORD: defaults to CI_JOB_TOKEN value (this value is ephemeral e.g. valid only for one job at a time I think? I think we can also use the CI_DEPLOY_PASSWORD for a longer-lived alternative, though it looks like there might be some things to figure out with branch / variable protections / non-protections)
CI_REGISTRY: defaults to https://gitlab.com/${group}/${project-name}/container_registry
CI_DEPLOY_USER: generated user token
CI_DEPLOY_PASSWORD: generated token password
CI_JOB_TOKEN: see documentation here

These are all “predefined” variables, meaning they already exist in the Gitlab CI/CD context as part of having a www.gitlab.com account, without you explicitly defining them. However, I did run into some issues using CI_DEPLOY_USER and CI_DEPLOY_PASSWORD. In addition to having predefined variables provided by Gitlab CI/CD, we can also manually predefine variables for a whole Gitlab Project or for a whole Group. Go to the page for your Project/Group > Settings > CI/CD > Variables > Expand. For example, I defined the CI_DEPLOY_USER and CI_DEPLOY_PASSWORD variables for my Group. These variables are the Group-level authentication tokens and are now made accessible to all Gitlab CI/CD jobs running under this Group. Additionally, although not shown here (because it’s used within the setup_tokens.sh script), we’ve also defined an environment variable called PACKAGE_REGISTRY_ID that tells the CI/CD pipeline where to build and push packages.

And finally, what we’ve been waiting for, conditional pipeline jobs:

rules:
  - if: $CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == 'merge_request_event' && $CI_MERGE_REQUEST_TARGET_BRANCH_NAME == "main"

As part of this job, I’ve defined a rule that indicates that this job should only be run 1) upon a merge request event (i.e. if you click “Create Merge Request” in the console), and 2) if the name of the target branch of that merge request event is main. For example, if I create a new branch called dev off of main and create a merge request in the Gitlab console, this job will run. However, it’s important to note that, if you push a commit to the dev branch after creating the merge request, this job will still run, even if you haven’t created a new merge request e.g. CI_PIPELINE_SOURCE == “merge_request_event” will always default to TRUE after the first merge request event, as long as the source branch is still actively being developed. Additionally, the job itself for this will run the source branch code, not the target branch code. For Gitlab Premium users, there is an additional criterion called a “merged_result_event”, which would run the target branch (main) code after merging the source branch (dev) into the target branch.

Building and pushing a package

Building a package locally is straightforward, but doing so within a Gitlab CI/CD pipeline is a little more complicated. But, we can imagine adding this type of task to a CI/CD pipeline, and conditioning it on a merge request (or something of that kind).

I’ve called this job build-package and it belongs to a stage also called build-package. We first set up the .pypirc and .netrc files in image running the job, and then install the build and twine libraries in the before_script attribute. Then, using the script attribute, we build our package, and push it to our package registry (we’ve defined the registry in our .pypirc file – here, it’s referred to as the “personal” registry.)

image: python:3.9-slim
variables:
  PACKAGE_REGISTRY_NAME: "personal"

stages:
  - build-package

#### BUILDING PACKAGE AND PUSHING TO GITLAB PACKAGE REGISTRY
build-package:
  stage: build-package
  before_script:
    - chmod +x ./setup_tokens.sh; ./setup_tokens.sh
    - apt-get update
    - apt-get install --yes --no-install-recommends gcc g++ libffi-dev
    - python3 -m pip install build twine
  script:
    - python3 -m build
    - python3 -m twine upload --repository ${PACKAGE_REGISTRY_NAME} dist/* --verbose

Some of the (many) external links I used in this process:

Predefined CI/CD variables
Adding variables to the Gitlab CI/CD context
Setting up a ~/.netrc file with Gitlab credentials
Executing a bash scripting within a Gitlab CI/CD pipeline
Passing variables to Docker image at build time
Building Docker image and pushing to registry
Authenticating container registries
Setting up a ~/.pypirc files with Gitlab credentials

Python CI/CD Gitlab YAML Docker Packaging Bash